Boilerplate. The worst programming thing ever. I once asked my friend if he’d rather meet the devil or write boilerplate code, and they answered that they’d rather write boilerplate code!? Psycho!!! And one language, known as the pioneer of boilerplate code, is certainly NOT Go. Yet Go has a fundemental problem in its error handling that causes a lot of boilerplate code.

I: Assessing the problem

Take a look at this python code:

try:
    print("Hello World!");
except Exception:
    print("NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO");

Yes, I will say something positive about python for once, this is good code. It’s not boilerplate code and it’s awesome! Now, take this Go code:

_, err := fmt.Println("Hello World!");
if err != nil {
    fmt.Println("NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO");
}

This code is… Fine, but it causes a lot of boilerplate. Essentially, every time you want to error handle, you have to do this:

_, err := function();
if err != nil {
    do_something_about_it();
}

THIS IS TERRIBLE!!! It’s the only thing that programmers should be fundamentally against: boilerplate. So lets take a look at some solutions!

II: try/catch

Perhaps the most common solution to this is the try/catch error handling method. Basically:

try:
   # Try to do something, perhaps:
   #     print("Hello World!");
# The conventional approach is:
#     except ERROR:
# but in some languages this is
# allowed.
except:
    # Do something if the ``try`
    # Statement fails, perhaps:
    #     print("ERROR: Something went wrong!");

This has been highlighted as a solution in this paper, and this is the paper summarized (for you lazy people out there):

III: The try/catch paper

We propose a new built-in function called try, designed specifically to eliminate the boilerplate if statements typically associated with error handling in Go. No other language changes are suggested. The try built-in is easy to explain, straightforward to implement, orthogonal to other language constructs, and fully backward-compatible. It also leaves open a path to extending the mechanism, should we wish to do so in the future. We propose to add a new function-like built-in called try with signature (pseudo-code):

func try(expr) (T1, T2, … Tn)

where expr stands for an incoming argument expression (usually a function call) producing n+1 result values of types T1, T2, … Tn, and error for the last value. If expr evaluates to a single value (n is 0), that value must be of type error and try doesn’t return a result. Calling try with an expression that does not produce a last value of type error leads to a compile-time error. The try built-in may only be used inside a function with at least one result parameter where the last result is of type error. Calling try in a different context leads to a compile-time error. Invoking try with a function call f() as in (pseudo-code):

x1, x2, … xn = try(f())

turns into the following (in-lined) code:

t1, … tn, te := f()  // t1, … tn, te are local (invisible) temporaries
if te != nil {
        err = te     // assign te to the error result parameter
        return       // return from enclosing function
}
x1, … xn = t1, … tn  // assignment only if there was no error

IV: Is try/catch good?

… Not really. I like the idea, I like it a lot, don’t get me wrong! It’s just a bit… Problematic. Firstly, it’s a function and not a keyword. For this implementation to even be considered, I’d like it to look more like:

try {
    function_1();
} except {
    function_2();
}

Or maybe with different error values, like this:

try {
    function_1();
} except StackOverflowError {
    function_2();
}

But then again, try/catch isn’t really a good error handling method, it’s ugly and still requires some boilerplate. I draw the conclusion that try/catch isn’t good. But bonus points for effort!

V: The fabled “?”

Not too long ago, a discussion was opened on the go github repo, proposing a new error handling strategy. It’s basically rust’s “?” operator all over again. It’s basically:

function_1()?

EWW… It’s like I’m asking a question! Does anybody want some function_1()? EWW!!! Okay, let’s give it a shot…

VI: The “?” paper summarized

This section presents the formal proposal.

An assignment or expression statement may be followed by a question mark (?). The question mark is a new syntactic element, the first permitted use of ? in Go outside of string and character constants. The ? causes conditional execution similar to an if statement. A ? at the end of a line causes a semicolon to be automatically inserted after it.

A ? uses a value as described below, referred to here as the qvalue.

For a ? after an assignment statement, the qvalue is the last of the values produced by the right hand side of the assignment. The number of variables on the left hand side of the assignment must be one less than the number of values produced by the right hand side (the right hand side values may come from a function call as usual). It is not valid to use a ? if there is only one value on the right hand side of the assignment.

For a ? after an expression statement the qvalue is the last of the values of the expression. It is not valid to use a ? after an expression statement that has no values.

The qvalue must be of interface type and must implement the predeclared type error; that is, it must have the method Error() string. In most cases it will simply be of type error.

A ? is optionally followed by a block. The block may be omitted if the statement using ? appears in the body of a function, and the enclosing function has at least one result, and the qvalue is assignable to the last result (this means that the type of the last result must implement the predeclared type error, and will often simply be error).

Execution of the ? depends on the qvalue. If the qvalue is nil, execution proceeds as normal, skipping over the block if there is one.

If the ? is not followed by a block, and the qvalue is not nil, then the function returns immediately. The qvalue is assigned to the final result. If the other results (if any) are named, they retain their current values. If they are not named, they are set to the zero value of their type. The results are then returned. Deferred functions are executed as usual.

If the ? is followed by a block, and the qvalue is not nil, then the block is executed. Within the block a new variable err is implicitly declared, possibly shadowing other variables named err. The value and type of this err variable will be those of the qvalue.

That completes the proposal.

VII: Is “?” good?

Uhh, no!? It’s ugly and… Very strange? Like

some_function() ? {
    fmt.Println("NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO");
}

is not something i want to write right now and it’s kind of hard to read? It’s very implicit and… UGLY AND TERRIBLE AND TRASH AND AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!!!

VIII: How do we fix this?

Now… How do we fix this? How do we solve this problem once and for all? Do we

  • a) Use the try/catch method?
  • b) Use the ? method?
  • c) Venture into the depths of the internet in search of a better way?

Well… The true option worth considering is

IX: d) Is it really worth it?

Think about it? Is it worth it? I’m here writing a blog post about me trying desperately to find a solution to this – In reality – trivial problem, is that worth it? I’m stuck travelling in the depths of my mind, desperately in search of answers, a solution, hell, even just confirmation that it’s impossible! Every second, every moment, I’m stuck in my own personal hell… Thinking, yet not doing. But alas, I had hope, I had fervour. I wanted to find the truth to this problem – I wanted to make my favourite language perfect, to make my projects perfect! A solution that would help me get out of this boilerplate hell… Get out of this place. GET OUT OF THIS LANGUAGE!!! Will there ever be a better way, will there ever be a better life, will there ever be peace? WILL THERE EVER BE ANYTHING, IN THIS GOLANG HELL!? TELL ME!!! Will this language ever be perfect? When I set out on this adventure I thought that I could absolve myself of this burden of mine, this burden of the language, this burden of the world!!! Stuck in a loop of solution upon solution, yet never finding anything!!! EVERY SINGLE SOLUTION HAS A FLAW!!! UGLY, TERRIBLE, HARD TO READ, YOU NAME IT!!! THE WORLD WILL NEVER BE FREE OF GO’S ERROR HANDLING, I WILL NEVER BE FREE!!! Every project I’ve EVER made in Go has this terrible error handling; octal, soup, AND MUCH MUCH MUCH MUCH MORE!!! A SOLUTION FREE OF BURDEN A SOLUTION FREE OF SIN!!!

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But I will never find it… And I know that now…

Or do I?

X: The solution

What I can conclude from this wild whirlwind of ideas is that you can’t fix the system from within… I was actually thinking of drawing an allegory to capitalism right here, but this is a programming blog, not a political theory blog. My proposal is that the go errors need to be reworked. The error type needs to be fixed, and then we can fix the system! I don’t know where we’ll go from there, but this is a good, – no – great starting point! And if we can accomplish this, then we’re halfway to greatness.

XI: Goodbyes

Thank you for coming with me on this adventure, were I considered ideas and criticized them both, then found my own idea… I’ll be seeing you later! I hope.